The phytoplasmas inhabit the sieve tubes of the plant tissue, and move to other plant organs through pores in these cells. These symptoms are commonly associated to the presence of phytoplasmas that are prokaryotes from the Mollicutes class ( Camarena Gutiérrez and De La Torre Almaraz, 2008 Bertaccini et al., 2014). In the last years, calafate plants in these regions have shown symptoms of witch’s broom, including proliferation of shoots with short internodes. The production of its fruit as a wild crop is concentrated in small gardens in the Region Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo and Region Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena for use in jams and juices ( Mariangel et al., 2013). The calafate fruits are dark purple, black, or bluish berries and they have an elevated antioxidant capacity, given its high content of polyphenols and anthocyanins ( Ruiz et al., 2010). (“calafate”) belongs to the family Berberidaceae, is a shrub native to the Chilean and Argentinean Patagonia ( Varas et al., 2013). Key words: Calafate phytoplasmas witch’s broomīerberis microphylla G. ![]() In conclusion, the symptoms of witch’s broom present in the analyzed calafate plants from Magallanes region signal the presence of the phytoplasma “ Candidatus Phytoplasma hispanicum” pertaining to the group 16SrXIII-F Restriction analysis indicated that the amplified DNA fragment corresponded to a phytoplasma from the 16SrXIII-f group. The nucleotide sequence obtained from the amplified DNA fragment had similarity to 99% of other phytoplasmas present in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database, according to a basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) analysis. Results from nested-PCR showed an expected band of 1.2 kb only in the samples with symptoms. ![]() To identify the phytopathogen, nested polymerase chain reaction (nested-PCR) was used with three pairs of primers (P1/P7, R16mF2/mR1, R16F2n/R2) sequencing of the fragments obtained from PCR and an in silico restriction analysis was carried out on the obtained genomic sequences. To determine the presence of phytoplasmas in calafate plants affected by these symptoms, symptomatic and asymptomatic samples were analyzed. Recently, wild growth of calafate present in Region of Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena has been affected by symptoms of witch’s broom, which is associated to infections caused by phytoplasmas. The calafate fruit have important commercial projection, given that contains antioxidant characteristics with high levels of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins. (“calafate”) is a native berry grown in the Patagonian area of Chile and Argentina. The construction period is about 15-35 days, special cases will be communicated and explained.Ĭontact with me if you have any questions. Notice before purchase: customized personal items cannot be returned or exchanged or recycled.ħ. Arrange production after receiving the full payment, the amount paid is non-refundable.Ħ. After confirming the drawing, the buyer shall pay the balance/gold price in full to our accountĥ. So please also be careful, accurate inform finger size, avoid error, thank you for your support!Ĥ. ![]() ![]() The next step of production will be carried out after both parties confirm that they are correct. After confirming the quotation and paying the deposit, 2D and 3D drawings will be designed for you (the 3D drawings will be provided, and the amount paid will not be refunded) so that you can better confirm the appearance color and size of the ornaments. We will give you the quotation according to the material, process difficulty and size difference.ģ. Tell the customer service the customized jewelry material, pattern and shape.Ģ. Personalized:Our rings can be engraved with your custom name, or a date that is Commemorative significance special to youġ. We can provide personalize ring sizes of 7-12 US size, if you need other sizes, please contact customer service in advance to customize for you, thank you □Style:Ěrt Decor,Hiphop,Vintage,party,dance □Occasion : Anniversary / Daily / Wedding / Gift / Party/birthday/Valentine's Day/Engagement/Mother's Day/Father's Day □Product Name: Halloween Ghost Witch Ring
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